Apparently, in Japan there are many dialects. Everyone seems to know Standard Japanese, but, can japanese people understand other dialects without any problem?

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generally we can understand them.
basically they are Japanese, and intonation and the accents and some words are different.

Kansai dialect is very popular, lots of Kansai people speak in TV programs. They have confidence about their dialects.

but some dialects for example 東北 dialects is sometimes hard to understand, especially when older people in countryside are speaking.

but generally we can understand what they mean.

one exception is Okinawa dialect.
historically it's a little different from standard Japanese.

and basically young people tend to speak more clearly in any districts, and older people tend to speak more strong dialect.
and high-educated people can speak more decent Japanese in any dialects.

it's just my personal opinion.