When is 名 used as a measure word for people? I've seen 一個人 and 一名刻字科學家。Is 名 used for professions? Thanks

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The usage of terms varies a lot from Taiwan to Mainland China. 名 stands for "a" when describing one's "features" like professions.
However, it's more like "formal language" rather than a word we use daily.
Therefore, it can be easily found in articles on newspaper or something that's really formal.
Generally speaking, it can be used as:
1. a + occupation
A scientist. 一名科學家
An astronaut. 一名太空人
2. gender
A girl. 一名女孩

Combing those into a sentence:
This morning, a police officer was on patrol, when she found a girl wandering down the street without her parents around.
今天稍早，有一名警官在巡邏的時候發現一名女孩在街上閒晃，而她的父母親卻不在附近。

Hope it answers your question :-)